四、Frame Relay
1). 帧中继技术
帧中继是一种高性能的WAN协议，它运行在OSI参考模型的物理层和数据链路层。它是一种数据包交换技术，是X.25的简化版本。它省略了X.25的一些强健功能，如提供窗口技术和数据重发技术，而是依靠高层协议提供纠错功能，这是因为帧中继工作在更好的WAN设备上，这些设备较之X.25的WAN设备具有更可靠的连接服务和更高的可靠性，它严格地对应于OSI参考模型的最低二层，而X.25还提供第三层的服务，所以，帧中继比X.25具有更高的性能和更有效的传输效率。
帧中继广域网的设备分为数据终端设备(DTE)和数据电路终端设备(DCE)，Cisco路由器作为 DTE设备。
帧中继技术提供面向连接的数据链路层的通信，在每对设备之间都存在一条定义好的通信链路，且该链路有一个链路识别码。这种服务通过帧中继虚电路实现，每个帧中继虚电路都以数据链路识别码(DLCI)标识自己。DLCI的值一般由帧中继服务提供商指定。帧中继即支持PVC也支持SVC。
帧中继本地管理接口(LMI)是对基本的帧中继标准的扩展。它是路由器和帧中继交换机之间信令标准，提供帧中继管理机制。它提供了许多管理复杂互联网络的特性，其中包括全局寻址、虚电路状态消息和多目发送等功能。
2). 有关命令:
端口设置
任务 命令
设置Frame Relay封装 encapsulation frame-relay[ietf] 1
设置Frame Relay LMI类型 frame-relay lmi-type {ansi | cisco | q933a}2
设置子接口 interface interface-type interface-number.subinterface-number [multipoint|point-to-point]
映射协议地址与DLCI frame-relay map protocol protocol-address dlci [broadcast]3
设置FR DLCI编号 frame-relay interface-dlci dlci [broadcast]
注：
1.若使Cisco路由器与其它厂家路由设备相连，则使用Internet工程任务组(IETF)规定的帧中继封装格式。
2.从Cisco IOS版本11.2开始，软件支持本地管理接口(LMI)“自动感觉”， “自动感觉”使接口能确定交换机支持的LMI类型，用户可以不明确配置LMI接口类型。
3.broadcast选项允许在帧中继网络上传输路由广播信息。
3). 帧中继point to point配置实例：
Router1:
interface serial 0
encapsulation frame-relay
!
interface serial 0.1 point-to-point
ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.255.0
frame-reply interface-dlci 105
!
interface serial 0.2 point-to-point
ip address 172.16.2.1 255.255.255.0
frame-reply interface-dlci 102
!
interface serial 0.3 point-to-point
ip address 172.16.4.1 255.255.255.0
frame-reply interface-dlci 104
!
Router2:
interface serial 0
encapsulation frame-relay
!
interface serial 0.1 point-to-point
ip address 172.16.2.2 255.255.255.0
frame-reply interface-dlci 201
!
interface serial 0.2 point-to-point
ip address 172.16.3.1 255.255.255.0
frame-reply interface-dlci 203
!
相关调试命令：
show frame-relay lmi
show frame-relay map
show frame-relay pvc
show frame-relay route
show interfaces serial
go top
4). 帧中继 Multipoint 配置实例:
Router1:
interface serial 0
encapsulation frame-reply
!
interface serial 0.1 multipoint
ip address 172.16.1.2 255.255.255.0
frame-reply map ip 172.16.1.1 201 broadcast
frame-reply map ip 172.16.1.3 301 broadcast
frame-reply map ip 172.16.1.4 401 broadcast
!
Router2:
interface serial 0
encapsulation frame-reply
!
interface serial 0.1 multipoint
ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.255.0
frame-reply map ip 172.16.1.2 102 broadcast
frame-reply map ip 172.16.1.3 102 broadcast
frame-reply map ip 172.16.1.4 102 broadcast
!
五、ISDN
1. 综合数字业务网(ISDN)
综合数字业务网(ISDN)由数字电话和数据传输服务两部分组成，一般由电话局提供这种服务。ISDN的基本速率接口(BRI)服务提供2个B信道和1个D信道(2B+D)。BRI的B信道速率为64Kbps,用于传输用户数据。D信道的速率为16Kbps，主要传输控制信号。在北美和日本，ISDN的主速率接口(PRI)提供23个B信道和1个D信道，总速率可达1.544Mbps，其中D信道速率为64Kbps。而在欧洲、澳大利亚等国家，ISDN的PRI提供30个B信道和1个64Kbps D信道，总速率可达2.048Mbps。我国电话局所提供ISDN PRI为30B+D。
2. 基本命令
任务 命令
设置ISDN交换类型 isdn switch-type switch-type1
接口设置 interface bri 0
设置PPP封装 encapsulation ppp
设置协议地址与电话号码的映射
dialer map protocol next-hop-address [name hostname] [broadcast] [dial-string]
启动PPP多连接 ppp multilink
设置启动另一个B通道的阈值
dialer load-threshold load
显示ISDN有关信息 show isdn {active | history | memory | services | status [dsl | interface-type number] | timers}
注：
1.交换机类型如下表,国内交换机一般为basic-net3。
按区域分关键字 交换机类型
Australia
basic-ts013 Australian TS013 switches
Europe
basic-1tr6 German 1TR6 ISDN switches
basic-nwnet3 Norway NET3 switches (phase 1)
basic-net3 NET3 ISDN switches (UK, Denmark, and other nations); covers the Euro-ISDN E-DSS1 signalling system
primary-net5 NET5 switches (UK and Europe)
vn2 French VN2 ISDN switches
vn3 French VN3 ISDN switches
Japan
ntt Japanese NTT ISDN switches
primary-ntt Japanese ISDN PRI switches
North America
basic-5ess AT&T basic rate switches
basic-dms100 NT DMS-100 basic rate switches
basic-ni1 National ISDN-1 switches
primary-4ess AT&T 4ESS switch type for the U.S. (ISDN PRI only)
primary-5ess AT&T 5ESS switch type for the U.S. (ISDN PRI only)
primary-dms100 NT DMS-100 switch type for the U.S. (ISDN PRI only)
New Zealand
basic-nznet3 New Zealand Net3 switches
3. ISDN实现DDR(dial-on-demand routing)实例:
设置如下：
Router1:
hostname router1
user router2 password cisco
!
isdn switch-type basic-net3
!
interface bri 0
ip address 192.200.10.1 255.255.255.0
encapsulation ppp
dialer map ip 192.200.10.2 name router2 572
dialer load-threshold 80
ppp multilink
dialer-group 1
ppp authentication chap
！
dialer-list 1 protocol ip permit
!
Router2:
hostname router2
user router1 password cisco
!
isdn switch-type basic-net3
!
interface bri 0
ip address 192.200.10.2 255.255.255.0
encapsulation ppp
dialer map ip 192.200.10.1 name router1 571
dialer load-threshold 80
ppp multilink
dialer-group 1
ppp authentication chap
！
dialer-list 1 protocol ip permit
!
Cisco路由器同时支持回拨功能，我们将路由器Router1作为Callback Server,Router2作为Callback Client。
与回拨相关命令:
任务 命令
映射协议地址和电话号码，
并在接口上使用在全局模式下
定义的PPP回拨的映射类别。 dialer map protocol address name hostname class classname dial-string
设置接口支持PPP回拨 ppp callback accept
在全局模式下为PPP回拨设置映射类别
map-class dialer classname
通过查找注册在dialer map里
的主机名来决定回拨. dialer callback-server [username]
设置接口要求PPP回拨 ppp callback request
设置如下：
Router1:
hostname router1
user router2 password cisco
!
isdn switch-type basic-net3
!
interface bri 0
ip address 192.200.10.1 255.255.255.0
encapsulation ppp
dialer map ip 192.200.10.2 name router2 class s3 572
dialer load-threshold 80
ppp callback accept
ppp multilink
dialer-group 1
ppp authentication chap
！
map-class dialer s3
dialer callback-server username
dialer-list 1 protocol ip permit
!
Router2:
hostname router2
user router1 password cisco
!
isdn switch-type basic-net3
!
interface bri 0
ip address 192.200.10.2 255.255.255.0
encapsulation ppp
dialer map ip 192.200.10.1 name router1 571
dialer load-threshold 80
ppp callback request
ppp multilink
dialer-group 1
ppp authentication chap
！
dialer-list 1 protocol ip permit
!
相关调试命令：
debug dialer
debug isdn event
debug isdn q921
debug isdn q931
debug ppp authentication
debug ppp error
debug ppp negotiation
debug ppp packet
show dialer
show isdn status
举例:执行debug dialer命令观察router2呼叫router1,router1回拨router2的过程.
router1#debug dialer
router2#ping 192.200.10.1
router1#
00:03:50: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface BRI0:1, changed state to up
00:03:50: BRI0:1PP callback Callback server starting to router2 572
00:03:50: BRI0:1: disconnecting call
00:03:50: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface BRI0:1, changed state to down
00:03:50: BRI0:1: disconnecting call
00:03:50: BRI0:1: disconnecting call
00:03:51: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface BRI0:2, changed state to up
00:03:52: callback to router2 already started
00:03:52: BRI0:2: disconnecting call
00:03:52: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface BRI0:2, changed state to down
00:03:52: BRI0:2: disconnecting call
00:03:52: BRI0:2: disconnecting call
00:04:05: : Callback timer expired
00:04:05: BRI0:beginning callback to router2 572
00:04:05: BRI0: Attempting to dial 572
00:04:05: Freeing callback to router2 572
00:04:05: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface BRI0:1, changed state to up
00:04:05: BRI0:1: No callback negotiated
00:04:05: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface Virtual-Access1, changed state to up
00:04:05: dialer Protocol up for Vi1
00:04:06: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface BRI0:1, changed state
to up
00:04:06: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Virtual-Access1, chang
ed state to up
00:04:11: %ISDN-6-CONNECT: Interface BRI0:1 is now connected to 572
#router1
4. ISDN访问首都在线263网实例:
本地局部网地址为10.0.0.0/24,属于保留地址，通过NAT地址翻译功能，局域网用户可以通过ISDN上263网访问Internet。263的ISDN电话号码为2633，用户为263，口令为263，所涉及的命令如下表：
任务 命令
指定接口通过PPP/IPCP地址
协商获得IP地址 ip address negotiated
指定内部和外部端口 ip nat {inside | outside}
使用ppp/pap作认证 ppp authentication pap callin
指定接口属于拨号组1 dialer-group 1
定义拨号组1允许所有IP协议 dialer-list 1 protocol ip permit
设定拨号，号码为2633 dialer string 2633
设定登录263的用户名和口令 ppp pap sent-username 263 password 263
设定默认路由 ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 bri 0
设定符合访问列表2的所有
源地址被翻译为bri 0所拥有的地址
ip nat inside source list 2 interface bri 0 overload
设定访问列表2，允许所有协议 access-list 2 permit any
具体配置如下：
hostname Cisco2503
!
isdn switch-type basic-net3
!
ip subnet-zero
no ip domain-lookup
ip routing
!
interface Ethernet 0
ip address 10.0.0.1 255.255.255.0
ip nat inside
no shutdown
!
interface Serial 0
shutdown
no des cription
no ip address
!
interface Serial 1
shutdown
no des cription
no ip address
!
interface bri 0
ip address negotiated
ip nat outside
encapsulation ppp
ppp authentication pap callin
ppp multilink
dialer-group 1
dialer hold-queue 10
dialer string 2633
dialer idle-timeout 120
ppp pap sent-username 263 password 263
no cdp enable
no ip split-horizon
no shutdown
!
ip classless
!
! Static Routes
!
ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 bri 0
!
! Access Control List 2
!
access-list 2 permit any
!
dialer-list 1 protocol ip permit
!
! Dynamic NAT
!
ip nat inside source list 2 interface bri 0 overload
snmp-server community public ro
!
line console 0
exec-timeout 0 0
!
line vty 0 4
!
end
